Avoidance of or efforts to avoid distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings about or closely associated with the traumatic event(s). Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event(s), beginning after the traumatic event(s) occurred, as evidenced by one or both of the following: Marked psychological reactions to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event(s).Ĭ. Intense or prolonged psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event(s). (Such reactions may occur on a continuum, with the most extreme expression being a complete loss of awareness of present surroundings.) Dissociative reactions (e.g., flashbacks) in which the individual feels or acts as if the traumatic event(s) were recurring. Recurrent distressing dreams in which the content and/or affect of the dream are related to the traumatic event(s). Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive distressing memories of the traumatic event(s). Presence of one (or more) of the following intrusion symptoms associated with the traumatic event(s), beginning after the traumatic event(s) occurred: Note: Criterion A4 does not apply to exposure through electronic media, television, movies, or pictures, unless this exposure is work related.ī.Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic event(s) (e.g., first responders collecting human remains police officers repeatedly exposed to details of child abuse). In cases of actual or threatened death of family member or friend, the event(s) must have been violent or accidental. Learning that the traumatic event(s) occurred to a close family member or close friend. Witnessing, in person, the event(s) as it occurred to others. Directly experiencing the traumatic event(s). Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one (or more) of the following ways:

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